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论文题目怎么取名(七招给论文起个【规范+响亮+有逼格】的标题)
怎样给自己的论文起个好的标题?
——要响亮,眼过能留神
——要逼格,不惊人不休
——但也要规范,要同行能很容易地分类与定位该文的贡献点在哪
因此,最近在学习英文写作。从标题开始。想想自己读的一些文章……总结了一下,大概7种吧。
1.对立对话
2.诊断评估
3.整合取向
4.脉络梳理
5.引介架接
6.简洁纯逼格
7.人物志式
1.对立对话
1.1 批判式对立
(1)Archer,Margaret S. 1982. “Morphogenesis versus Structuration: On Combining Structureand action.” The British Journal of Sociology.
(2)King,Anthony. 1999. “Against Structure: A Critique of Morphogenetic Social Theory.” The Sociological Review 47 (2): 199–227.
(3)Piiroinen,Tero. 2014. “For ‘Central Conflation’: A Critiqueof Archerian Dualism.” Sociological Theory 32 (2): 79–99.
(4)Wan,Poe Yu-ze[万毓泽]. 2011. “Emergence À La Systems Theory: Epistemological Totalausschluss or OntologicalNovelty?” Philosophy of the Social Sciences 41 (2): 178–210.
解读:批判即对立即无和解。批判可以有防守型,比如Pirroinen,也可以是进攻型,比如King,还可以是疑问式,比如Wan。正如Wan用的problematizing,这类多通过一种intervention,打掉一个已经接受的“常识”,比如Archer认为Gidden是CentralConflation,很多人接受了。而Luhmann又被广为接受,却又以Bunge来介入了。
命名:常见的是A Critique of + 自己的立场中的关键词,或者直接来个vs.吧。
1.2 转换式对立
(1)Reed,Isaac. 2008. “Justifying Sociological Knowledge: From Realism to Interpretation.” Sociological Theory 26 (2): 101–29.
(2)Hirschman,Daniel, and Isaac Reed. 2014. “Formation Stories and Causality in Sociology.” Sociological Theory 32 (4): 259–82.
解读:Reed的好几篇,都是From…to…最明显的是第一篇。摆得清,如Reed2008先列Realism,再用Interpretation来批评。这一类与上面1.2会很接近,但是在批判他人文本的占比上会有些区别。
命名:从半殖民地半封建社会到社会主义社会,不要跳跃太多哦~
1.3 比较式对话
(1)Liu,Sida[刘思达], and Mustafa Emirbayer. 2016. “Field and Ecology.”Sociological Theory 34 (1): 62–79.
(2)Wang,Yingyao[王颖曜]. 2016. “Homology and Isomorphism: Bourdieu in Conversation with New Institutionalism.” The British Journal of Sociology 67 (2): 348–70.
解读:虽然与Wan都是有两个关键词在标题中,但较于Wan的Intervention,此类更平和,不仅会用conversation,而且两个关键词本身往往相近,比如刘思达和王颖曜都是从field and ecology, homology andisomorphism之间的亲近性出发,再谈其中的分歧,再进入对话。
命名:直接找本社会学词典(Oxford的比如),找近义词,两两拉出来,就是一篇了。
2.诊断评估
(1)Wallerstein,Immanuel. 2000. “From Sociology to Historical Social Science:Prospects and Obstacles.” The British Journal of Sociology 51 (1): 25–35.
(2)Opp,Karl-Dieter. 2013. “What Is Analytical Sociology? Strengths and Weaknesses of a New Sociological Research Program.” SocialScience Information52 (3): 329–60.
(3)Zelditch,Morris. 1992. “Problems and Progress in Sociological Theory.”SociologicalPerspectives 35 (3): 415–31.
解读/命名:不用多读了,正反两方面。
3.整合取向
(1)Heiskala,Risto. 2014. “Toward Semiotic Sociology: A Synthesis of Semiology, Semiotics and Phenomenological Sociology.” Social ScienceInformation 53 (1): 35–53.
(2)Stryker,Robin. 1996. “Beyond History Versus Theory: Strategic Narrative andSociological Explanation.” Sociological Methods & Research 24 (3):304–352.
(3)Alwin, D. F. “Integrating Varietiesof Life Course Concepts.” The Journals ofGerontology Series B, no. 2 (March 1, 2012): 206–20.
解读/命名:常见的是Toward, beyond,integrating——把看似冲突地并在一起,让人觉得——我擦,其实不冲突,可以合在一起讲。比如Stryker(1996)是回应90s初的历史学与社会学间对立关系的争论,认为Narrative和explanation没法整合在一起。Moore(2011)把reproduction和event(=structuraltransformation)搞在了一起。
4.脉络梳理
4.1 共时的脉络
(1)Karakayali,Nedim. 2015. “Two Ontological Orientations in Sociology: Building Social Ontologies and Blurring the Boundaries of the ‘Social.’” Sociology 49 (4): 732–47.
(2)Elliott,Anthony, and Bryan S. Turner. 2015. “Three Versions of the Social.”Journal of Sociology 51 (4): 812–26.
(3)Porpora,Douglas V. 1989. “Four Concepts of Social Structure.” Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 19 (2): 195–211.
解说/命名:一目了然,文章中就是说有几种类型,各有哪些特点。不用多说了。但可以有主有次(如Leistle)、有人有己,从而把综述式写成original article。可以直接在标题上写出几个维度(如简洁),也可以只说数字。主体内容,一般就是一种approach一个部分,最后有自己的看法,当然也可以成列联表(像Karakayali)
4.2 历时的梳理
(1)Kohli,Martin. 2007. “The Institutionalization of the Life Course: Looking back to Look Ahead.” Research in Human Development4 (3–4): 253–271.
(2)Riley,Matilda White. 1994. “Aging and Society: Past, Present, and Future.” The Gerontologist 34 (4): 436–446.
解说/命名:综述的一种。作为正常的paper,似乎没见过用这种瞻前顾后的命名。
5.引介架接
(1)Jindra, Ines W. 2014. “Why American Sociology Needs Biographical Sociology—European Style.” Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 44 (4): 389–412.
(2)Franzosi, Roberto. “Narrative Analysis-Or Why (And How) Sociologists Should Be Interested in Narrative.” Annual Review of Sociology 24 (1998): 517–54.
解说/命名:标题中充满了张力。比如美国和欧洲、叙事/社会学、并以一种吸收人/惊讶的方式连接,关键在于第三点:why and how ..should be interested in..是重要性的问题。命名往往一生一熟,连接用need, and, as
6.简洁纯逼格
6.1 甩你一脸问号!
(1)Emirbayer,Mustafa, and Ann Mische. 1998. “What Is Agency?” American Journal ofSociology 103 (4): 962–1023.
(2)Bunge,Mario. 2004. “How Does It Work? The Search for Explanatory Mechanisms.” Philosophy of the Social Sciences 34 (2): 182–210.
解读:能在标题中直接用问号,说明这必是个简洁的问号!问题越简单,标题越深刻,不信你看上面这两篇就知道了。说明作者有自信要去挑战一些简洁的深刻。
命名:What, Where, How, When……..?
6.2 宣言
(1)Emirbayer,Mustafa. 1997. “Manifesto for a Relational Sociology.”AmericanJournal of Sociology 103 (2): 281–317.
(2)Wagner-Pacifici,Robin. 2015. “A Manifestion for a Quantum Sociology of Events.” Divinatio,no. 39–40: 49–60.
解读:这种标题的不多。今后自己希望能很自信地写篇这样标题的文章吧!!
命名:宣言+自己创见(作为一个的新的理论研究纲领)
6.3 堆大词
(1)Bunge,Mario. 1997. “Mechanism and Explanation.” Philosophy of the Social Sciences27 (4): 410–65.
(2)Ermakoff,Ivan. 2015. “The Structure of Contingency.” American Journal of Sociology121 (1): 64–125.
(3)Gorski,Philip S. 2016. “The Matter of Emergence: Material Artifacts and SocialStructure.” Qualitative Sociology 39 (2): 211–15.
(4)Sewell,William H. 1992. “A Theory of Structure: Duality, Agency, and Transformation.” American Journal of Sociology 98 (1): 1–29.
解读:标题敢放一个大词就不得了了,你还敢放这么多…在这种标题中,往往其实是有主有附,比如Bunge想讲的是mechanism,但要另一个大词,explanation提供脉络支持。Sewell1992之所以牛逼,你看他的标题就知道有多少大词了(其实他的摘要更简洁的牛逼。)
命名:想好脉络式大词(陈旧)和关键词式大词(新颖),用of或冒号搭配。
7.人物志式
7.1 脉络在人物中:以韦伯为例
(1)Guzmán,Sebastián G. 2015. “Substantive-Rational Authority:The Missing Fourth Pure Type in Weber’s Typology of Legitimate Domination.” Journalof Classical Sociology 15 (1): 73–95.
(2)Kalberg,Stephen. 1980. “Max Weber’s Types of Rationality:Cornerstones for the Analysis of Rationalization Processes in History.” AmericanJournal of Sociology85 (5): 1145–1179.
(3)布鲁默:Azarian,R. (2017). Joint Actions, Stories and Symbolic Structures: A Contribution to Herbert Blumer’s ConceptualFramework. Sociology51, 685–700.
解说:以韦伯+missing为标题的有好些。这种命名法一般适用于韦伯学这种实在是大家中大家。“韦伯学”本来就是一个脉络,因而能说清楚韦伯文本中的missing/type,挑战“韦伯式常识”(理性、权威),就很了不起了。不过,需要提醒的是,这种类型往往要注意新观点与老文本之间的融贯性——光批评是没用的,还要证明老文本中已有暗示。
命名:人名’s 或者 in 人名
7.2 人物在脉络中:以福柯为例
(1)Lemke,Thomas. 2015. “New Materialisms: Foucault andthe ‘Government of Things.’” Theory, Culture & Society 32 (4): 3–25.
(2)Olssen,Mark. 2008. “Foucault as Complexity Theorist: Overcoming the Problems of ClassicalPhilosophical Analysis.” Educational Philosophy and Theory 40 (1):96–117.
(3)Sayer,Andrew. 2012. “Power, Causality and Normativity: A Critical Realist Critique of Foucault.” Journal of Political Power 5(2): 179–94.
(4)塔尔德 King,Anthony. 2016. “Gabriel Tarde and Contemporary Social Theory.”Sociological Theory 34 (1): 45–61.
解说:之前阅读福柯与批判实在论关系的文章中,有好些以“as”为标题的论文。福柯如此盛名,作品又不少,议题又广。后来人很容易介入其中,按需而为,自己找个自己喜欢的脉络,比如批判实在论、新物质主义,然后从福柯中找到能插入其中,建立“旧人物—新脉络”之中的融贯性。不过,如果你不喜欢这个人物,会搞起来感觉很无聊~~,因为套路感很强,而且永远证明不完。
命名:呈现出旧人物(如Foucault/Tarde)+ and /as/critique of + 新脉络(如New Materialisms/Complexity/ ANT)
7.3 多人物联合写作:Beyond
(1)Lizardo,Omar. 2010. “Beyond the Antinomies of Structure: Levi-Strauss, Giddens,Bourdieu, and Sewell.” Theory and Society 39 (6): 651–88.doi:10.1007/s11186-010-9125-1.
(2)Elder-Vass,D. (2007) 'Reconciling Archer and Bourdieu in an Emergentist Theory ofAction'. Sociological Theory,25:4, 325-46.
——参考摘要
当然不能忘了Beyond…似乎在中文社会学界,不太会标题上出现一连串的人物。我认为这是很可惜的一件事。如果有本事在标题上出现像Omar Lizardo这样的【学术自信】,我相信是好事。